中国论坛特约专家周波在德媒《时代周报》发文
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2022年4月21日,德国《时代周报》(Die Zeit)在主题为“Was erwartet die Welt von Deutschland?(世界对德国有什么期待?)”的评论版发表清华大学战略与安全研究中心研究员、中国论坛特约专家周波的评论短文。中国论坛受权首发中英文版,以飨读者。《时代周报》创办于1946年2月21日,是一份覆盖全德国、最广泛阅读的德语周报,约有200万读者。
德国朝向错误方向的转折
今年2月,德国总理舒尔茨突然宣布为德国联邦国防军设立1000亿欧元的专项资金,并且每年国防开支将超过GDP的2%。这自然而然引发了一个问题:德国有必要来这样一个180度的大转弯吗?
舒尔茨在德国联邦议院的讲话,得到了议员们起立鼓掌欢迎,但这不一定就能证明,作为欧洲最强经济体的德国,其外交政策的这一巨变是正确的。没错,这将有助于充实欧洲战略自主(迄今为止这还只是法国的一句口号)并重振“脑死亡”的北约,但代价却是德国牺牲和平主义国家的形象和欧洲的安全。
考虑到欧洲的安全只会恶化——无论是乌克兰的持续热战,还是随后整个欧洲大陆的冷战,向来奉行低调、亲俄的新东方政策的德国,本来最有可能在与俄罗斯的未来谈判中发挥主导作用,这一愿望已经化为泡影。鉴于德国的纳粹历史,一个军事化的德国更会引起人们的恐惧,或者至少使人产生联想,毕竟俄罗斯入侵乌克兰的理由之一就是“去纳粹化”。
想象一下,所有渴望加入北约的国家都被接受了,欧洲就会更安全吗?如果芬兰加入北约,北约军队将离圣彼得堡仅一箭之遥。俄罗斯会怎么想,又会怎么做?俄罗斯现在被西方描述为贱民,但一个沮丧的、同时拥有最大核武库的贱民是最危险的。普京总统就曾提出一个著名的问题,“没有了俄罗斯,还要这世界干什么?”
只有普京能决定俄乌战争会持续多久,他将战斗到宣布“胜利”为止。这大概意味着乌克兰要正式接受克里米亚是俄罗斯的一部分、乌克兰不加入北约,以及顿涅茨克和卢甘斯克两个“共和国”独立。如果这些让乌克兰难以咽下,战争只会继续下去。
从长远来看,俄罗斯和北约之间必须做出安全安排。北约的不断扩张也许能证明它大受欢迎,但只要俄罗斯感到被威胁,就只会让欧洲更不安全。欧洲的安全只有和俄罗斯一起才能实现。
国防开支最能说明一个国家如何看待其安全环境。不幸的是,德国大幅增加国防开支是恐慌驱动的过度反应。这是一个方向错误的“转折点”。
Germany’s Turning Point In The Wrong Direction
The abrupt announcement of Chancellor Olaf Scholz in February on creation of a 100 billion euro fund for the Bundeswehr and spending more than 2 percent of GDP on defense every year from now invite a natural question: Does Germany have to make such a U-turn?
The standing ovation to Scholz’s remarks in Bundestag doesn’t necessarily justify the seismic shift in German foreign policy made by the strongest economy in Europe. Yes it will serve to substantiate European Strategy Autonomy which so far is a French slogan and revive a “braindead NATO”, but the costs are Germany’s image as a pacifist country and Europe’s security.
Given that Europe’s security will only worsen - be it a continuous hot war in Ukraine or a cold war afterwards across the continent, a traditionally low-profile Germany with pro-Russian Ostpolitik could have been best positioned to lead in negotiations with Russia on Europe’s future. This is now doomed. A militarized Germany will also invite some imagination if not fear of the world given Germany’s Nazi past. At least one of the reasons Russia gave in invading Ukraine is “denazification”.
Imagine for a moment that all those countries aspiring to join NATO are accepted, will Europe become safer? If Finland joins NATO, the Alliance's troops would be a stone's throw from St. Petersburg. What will Russia think, and perhaps, act? Russia is now described by the west as a pariah. But a frustrated pariah with the largest nuclear arsenal is most dangerous. President Putin has (in)famously asked “why do we need a world without Russia in it? ”.
Only Putin can decide how long the Russo-Ukrainian war will last. He will fight till he could declare a “victory”. That presumably means Ukraine’s formal acceptance of Crimea being part of Russia, Ukraine not entering NATO and the independence of the two “republics” of Donetsk and Luhansk. If this is difficult for Ukraine to swallow, the war will simply continue.
In the long run, a security arrangement between Russia and NATO has to be made. NATO’s ever expansion may prove its popularity, but it will only make Europe more insecure should Russia feel threatened. Europe’s security could only be achieved with Russia.
Defense spending tells best how a country views its security environment. Unfortunately, Germany’s drastic increase in defense spending is a panic-driven overreaction. It is a “Zeitenwende”(“turning point”) in the wrong direction.